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by Joan Middendorf

Question 2: Uncovering the tacit mental moves: Difference between revisions

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There’s a variety of techniques to “decode” the [[Mental moves|mental move]] of the specialist, besides the  [[Decoding interview|interview]], to “flash” techniques which include analogies and game mechanics, the bottleneck [[Decoding as a writing process|writing tour]], concept/mind mapping or flow charting, 3-d modeling with playdough or other simple materials, and rubric building, to name a few.<ref>Middendorf, J., & Shopkow, L. (2017). ''[[Overcoming Student Learning Bottlenecks|Overcoming student learning bottlenecks: Decode the critical thinking of your discipline]]''. Stylus Publishing, LLC.</ref> The advantages of these “flash
There’s a variety of techniques to “decode” the [[Mental moves|mental move]] of the specialist, besides the  [[Decoding interview|interview]], to “flash” techniques which include analogies and game mechanics, the bottleneck [[Decoding as a writing process|writing tour]], concept/mind mapping or flow charting, 3-d modeling with playdough or other simple materials, and rubric building, to name a few.<ref>Middendorf, J., & Shopkow, L. (2017). ''[[Overcoming Student Learning Bottlenecks|Overcoming student learning bottlenecks: Decode the critical thinking of your discipline]]''. Stylus Publishing, LLC.</ref> The advantages of these “flash


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All of the various ''Decoding'' techniques involve conversation with an interlocutor, preferably one from a different discipline.
 
All of the various''Decoding'' techniques involve conversation with an interlocutor, preferably one from a different discipline.
 




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'''“Alternative Decoding techniques – aka Flash ''Decoding”'''''
'''“Alternative Decoding techniques – aka Flash ''Decoding”'''''


 
While the second step of the[[Decoding the Disciplines]] model privileges the interview, a memorable and reliable step, it has a few drawbacks. Limitations of Decoding interviews include:  
While the second step of the [[Decoding the Disciplines]] model privileges the interview, a memorable and reliable step, it has a few drawbacks. Limitations of Decoding interviews include:  


# The interview isn’t always 100’% successful in unpacking the specialist’s thinking into intelligible components and must be revisited several times for success.
# The interview isn’t always 100’% successful in unpacking the specialist’s thinking into intelligible components and must be revisited several times for success.
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The prompts for finding an analogy, are, “What is this kind of thinking '''like'''?” and “Where have I seen this mental move before?” When placing the mental move in a new context, be sure the new context is relatable to students or your audience.
The prompts for finding an analogy, are, “What is this kind of thinking '''like'''?” and “Where have I seen this mental move before?” When placing the mental move in a new context, be sure the new context is relatable to students or your audience.


·      Bottleneck writing tour:
=== Bottleneck writing tour ===
 
A reflective writing process with rounds of reiterative writing about the bottleneck and the mental move.<ref>Lahm, S. (2016).''Writing in teaching: Tools for instructors''. UTB Barbara Budrich.</ref> This process uses a series of prompts focused on [[Step 1 - Identify a Bottleneck to Learning|Step 1 Identify the Bottlenecks]] and Step 2 Uncover the Tacit Reasoning of the Specialist. It works well when Decoding in large groups and self-directed teams. The final question brings in the interlocutor(s).
a reflective writing process with rounds of reiterative writing about the bottleneck and the mental move (Lahm, 2016). This process uses a series of prompts focused on [[Step 1 - Identify a Bottleneck to Learning|Step 1 Identify the Bottlenecks]] and Step 2 Uncover the Tacit Reasoning of the Specialist. It works well when Decoding in large groups and self-directed teams. The final question brings in the interlocutor(s) to


'''[PETER--Do you want to add a link that shows the basic Bottleneck Writing Tour Questions as here?:  '''
'''[PETER--Do you want to add a link that shows the basic Bottleneck Writing Tour Questions as here?:  '''
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1. Define the bottleneck. Ask yourself: What are the bottlenecks students encounter in my course(s)? This can be a certain moment in a course where students become confused, a test, a certain task where many get stuck or fail. Decide on something that really bothers you.
1. Define the bottleneck. Ask yourself: What are the bottlenecks students encounter in my course(s)? This can be a certain moment in a course where students become confused, a test, a certain task where many get stuck or fail. Decide on something that really bothers you.




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3. Refine the bottleneck: Look at the bottleneck and ask yourself: Is it too big? Is it too small? Is the bottleneck really essential for my course or discipline? Describe the bottleneck once again as detailed as you can. If necessary, modify it.  
 
3. Refine the bottleneck: Look at the bottleneck and ask yourself: Is it too big? Is it too small? Is the bottleneck really essential for my course or discipline? Describe the bottleneck once again as detailed as you can. If necessary, modify it.
 




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Ask yourself: How do I deal with this bottleneck myself?
Ask yourself: How do I deal with this bottleneck myself?




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Note: Many of these steps may seem so self-evident to you that they remain unconscious. Try to make these steps conscious and to break down big steps into as many steps as possible. E.g., a professor of literature asks his students to ‘observe’ before they ‘interpret’. The next question would be: what does a professor of literature do when he ‘observes’?
Note: Many of these steps may seem so self-evident to you that they remain unconscious. Try to make these steps conscious and to break down big steps into as many steps as possible. E.g., a professor of literature asks his students to ‘observe’ before they ‘interpret’. The next question would be: what does a professor of literature do when he ‘observes’?




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s/he has not understood. Note: The goal of the feedback is to understand exactly what the expert does! You want to get clear on the cognitive steps the expert takes. Don’t divert into discussion of content – talk about the intellectual process.]
s/he has not understood. Note: The goal of the feedback is to understand exactly what the expert does! You want to get clear on the cognitive steps the expert takes. Don’t divert into discussion of content – talk about the intellectual process.]


=== Concept or mind mapping or flow charting ===
=== Concept or mind apping or flow charting ===
Ask the specialist to make a concept/mind map or flow chart of the mental move and explain in words (a think-aloud) as they draw it. Be sure to write down what they say.  
Ask the specialist to make a concept/mind map or flow chart of the mental move and explain in words (a think-aloud) as they draw it. Be sure to write down what they say.  


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=== Game mechanics ===
=== Game mechanics ===
“At the heart of designing an ''educational'' game, the instructor considers which mental moves to center the game around. What kind of thinking do we want students to practice in the game? To do so, just as when flash ''Decoding'' with analogies, we start from a bottleneck—where do students struggle to understand? What kind of thinking will this entail? How does flash ''Decoding'' with game mechanics work? Choose a bottleneck in your course where students repeatedly struggle. These days, we can ask Chat GPT to brainstorm the reasoning an expert uses to get through the bottleneck. Then we can ask Chat GPT to build a game.”<ref name=":0" />
“At the heart of designing an ''educational'' game, the instructor considers which mental moves to center the game around. What kind of thinking do we want students to practice in the game? To do so, just as when flash ''Decoding'' with analogies, we start from a bottleneck—where do students struggle to understand? What kind of thinking will this entail? How does flash ''Decoding'' with game mechanics work? Choose a bottleneck in your course where students repeatedly struggle. These days, we can ask Chat GPT to brainstorm the reasoning an expert uses to get through the bottleneck. Then we can ask Chat GPT to build a game.”<ref name=":0" />
References
Lahm, S. (2016). ''Writing in teaching: Tools for instructors''. UTB Barbara Budrich.
Middendorf, J., & Mondelli, V. (in press.) “Flash Decoding with analogies and game mechanics: Alternatives to the Decoding interview.” Transformative Dialogues: Teaching and Learning Journal.
Shopkow, L. (2017). How many sources do I need? ''The History Teacher'', ''50''(2), 169–200.
'''Middendorf’s Revised Bloom’s Typology''' Middendorf, J., & Shopkow, L. (2018)
'''6. Creating:''' Combining elements to form a new, original entity.
·    '''Verbs to Use:''' synthesize, create, combine, plan, design, produce, compile, develop, compose, modify, organize, reconstruct
·    '''Hospital Analogy:''' Designing a new hospital for our city.
·    '''Analogy:''' “Imagine you wake up to find you are a sponge. Describe visually your adventures during the day.” - Roy Ascott’s Groundcourse
'''5. Evaluating:''' Making judgments based on criteria or standards.
* '''Verbs to Use:''' judge,    evaluate, conclude, contrast, develop criteria, appraise, criticize,    support, decide, compare
* '''Hospital Analogy:''' Judging    the quality of my care in the hospital.
* '''Analogy:''' Judging a Olympic    skiing events, downhill race versus freestyle.
'''4. Analyzing:''' Breaking material into constituent parts and determine how parts relate to one another and to an overall structure.
* '''Verbs to Use:''' analyze,    debate, differentiate, generalize, conclude, organize, breakdown, dissect,    diagram, relate
* '''Hospital Analogy:''' Investigating    charges on my hospital bill.
* '''Analogy:''' Taking apart a    computer and examining the insides down to the microchips.
'''3. Applying:''' Using procedures to perform tasks or solve problems in new, but similar situations.
* '''Verbs to Use:''' demonstrate,    apply, use, solve, choose appropriate procedures, modify, produce,    construct
* '''Hospital Analogy:''' Using    procedures for admittance, blood draws, etc.
* '''Analogy:''' Filling out one’s    tax forms.
'''2. Understanding:''' Integrating new materials into existing schema and explaining it in own words.
* '''Verbs to Use:''' explain,    interpret, illustrate, describe, summarize, expand, convert, measure,    defend, paraphrase, rewrite, comprehend
* '''Hospital Analogy:''' Explaining    directions to the local hospital.
* '''Analogy:''' Describing how to make an    elevator pitch in your own words.
'''1. Remembering:''' Recalling or recognizing information from memory.
* '''Verbs to Use:''' list, tell,    define, identify, label, locate, recognize, describe, match, name,    outline, reproduce, state
* '''Hospital Analogy:''' Memorizing    the local hospital’s address.
* '''Analogy:''' Memorizing a phone    number.
== Interview ==
== Interview ==
[[Decoding interview]]
[[Decoding interview]]
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== Resources ==
== References ==

Revision as of 11:42, 26 April 2025

Uncovering the tacit mental moves is the second step of the Decoding the Disciplines process.

There’s a variety of techniques to “decode” the mental move of the specialist, besides the  interview, to “flash” techniques which include analogies and game mechanics, the bottleneck writing tour, concept/mind mapping or flow charting, 3-d modeling with playdough or other simple materials, and rubric building, to name a few.[1] The advantages of these “flash

Text missingSentence incomplete



All of the variousDecoding techniques involve conversation with an interlocutor, preferably one from a different discipline.


[The paragraphs below should expand when clicking on variety of techniques]

“Alternative Decoding techniques – aka Flash Decoding”

While the second step of theDecoding the Disciplines model privileges the interview, a memorable and reliable step, it has a few drawbacks. Limitations of Decoding interviews include:

  1. The interview isn’t always 100’% successful in unpacking the specialist’s thinking into intelligible components and must be revisited several times for success.
  2. Interviews are arduous, sometimes like mental duels with the specialist making analytical leaps that leave the interviewers adrift in unknown territory without a clear path forward.
  3. Interviews are time consuming. When only one specialist can be interviewed at a time and some Decoding groups as large as 100 needing to uncover their mental moves, there’s not enough time or staff to conduct the interviews. Flash Decoding offers a potent short-cut to uncover the often-invisible mental moves of educators. Alternate forms of Decoding give us that “flash” of insight that helps us uncover implicit mental processing so they can be brought to the forefront and scaffolded for the students”[2]

·      Analogies:

One of the most powerful alternative techniques for Decoding is through analogies, metaphors, and narrative stories, although for brevity, we refer to all these as “analogies”. Analogies are inferential frameworks that help novices or students learn new ideas because they can transfer something they know in one domain to a different or new domain (Jones, Lynam, Perez, & Leitch, 2011).

To come up with an analogy, it helps to consider the characteristics of a good analogy. It must be from outside the target field because the new context helps see the characteristics of the analogy (and thus the characteristics of the mental move). What is this kind of thinking? What is the DOING? Where does it fit in Bloom’s typology? [Link to Bloom’s typology which is last in document below] Is it remembering, paraphrasing, applying, analyzing, evaluating, or creating (Middendorf & Shopkow, 2018)? Once we have classified the type of mental move, we’re ready to look for a new context, the analogic context.

The prompts for finding an analogy, are, “What is this kind of thinking like?” and “Where have I seen this mental move before?” When placing the mental move in a new context, be sure the new context is relatable to students or your audience.

Bottleneck writing tour

A reflective writing process with rounds of reiterative writing about the bottleneck and the mental move.[3] This process uses a series of prompts focused on Step 1 Identify the Bottlenecks and Step 2 Uncover the Tacit Reasoning of the Specialist. It works well when Decoding in large groups and self-directed teams. The final question brings in the interlocutor(s).

[PETER--Do you want to add a link that shows the basic Bottleneck Writing Tour Questions as here?:  

Bottleneck Writing Tour (Lahm, 2016)

Analyze the bottleneck:

1. Define the bottleneck. Ask yourself: What are the bottlenecks students encounter in my course(s)? This can be a certain moment in a course where students become confused, a test, a certain task where many get stuck or fail. Decide on something that really bothers you.


2. Explain the bottleneck. Describe the bottleneck in detail: What is it that students get wrong? What is it they don’t understand? What is the nature of the bottleneck?


3. Refine the bottleneck: Look at the bottleneck and ask yourself: Is it too big? Is it too small? Is the bottleneck really essential for my course or discipline? Describe the bottleneck once again as detailed as you can. If necessary, modify it.


Analyze your mental move:

4. What do you do yourself? Describe what you do as an expert in your discipline.

Ask yourself: How do I deal with this bottleneck myself?


5. How does an expert deal with this?

Describe one more time, how an expert in your discipline would proceed when confronted with this bottleneck. What steps would an expert take to overcome the bottleneck? What would an expert do?

Note: Many of these steps may seem so self-evident to you that they remain unconscious. Try to make these steps conscious and to break down big steps into as many steps as possible. E.g., a professor of literature asks his students to ‘observe’ before they ‘interpret’. The next question would be: what does a professor of literature do when he ‘observes’?


6. Get feedback. Explain your bottleneck to a colleague in another discipline. Then describe what you do yourself. The colleague asks for clarification of the things

s/he has not understood. Note: The goal of the feedback is to understand exactly what the expert does! You want to get clear on the cognitive steps the expert takes. Don’t divert into discussion of content – talk about the intellectual process.]

Concept or mind apping or flow charting

Ask the specialist to make a concept/mind map or flow chart of the mental move and explain in words (a think-aloud) as they draw it. Be sure to write down what they say.

Three-dimensional modeling

Use simple materials such as playdough, Legos, or sticks and grass from the garden, build a physical model of the mental move. Then write down in a few words what the model portrays. Voila—what we write down describes the mental move.

Rubric building

Start by listing frequent mistakes students make on a specific concept or assignment (the bottlenecks). Then create a corresponding list of the opposite of each mistake—a list of what the specialist does to avoid each mistake—which turns out to be a list of the mental moves.

As an example, Shopkow, in her SoTL award winning article shows the rubric she made for writing article reviews and microhistory.[4] The rubric is based on a comparison of student mistakes and desired mental moves, which she calls the GOAL. To create the rubric, she lists the mistakes (bottlenecks) students make in identifying a historical argument for an article review. The reviewer doesn’t

  • identify the argument in the article correctly (the argument as the reviewer has presented it doesn’t make sense).
  • explain the argument in the article clearly (I can’t figure out what the argument is from what the reviewer has said).
  •  doesn’t recognize the argument.
  • address all the parts of the argument.

Besides listing the mistakes, Shopkow also provides the GOAL for making an argument

  • the reviewer “clearly explains the argument in the article, giving the parts of the argument as well as the overall argument.”

The goal in her rubric spells out the desired mental move.

Game mechanics

“At the heart of designing an educational game, the instructor considers which mental moves to center the game around. What kind of thinking do we want students to practice in the game? To do so, just as when flash Decoding with analogies, we start from a bottleneck—where do students struggle to understand? What kind of thinking will this entail? How does flash Decoding with game mechanics work? Choose a bottleneck in your course where students repeatedly struggle. These days, we can ask Chat GPT to brainstorm the reasoning an expert uses to get through the bottleneck. Then we can ask Chat GPT to build a game.”[2]

Interview

Decoding interview


References

  1. ↑ Middendorf, J., & Shopkow, L. (2017). Overcoming student learning bottlenecks: Decode the critical thinking of your discipline. Stylus Publishing, LLC.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Middendorf, J., & Mondelli, V. (in press.) "Flash Decoding with analogies and game mechanics: Alternatives to the Decoding interview.” Transformative Dialogues: Teaching and Learning Journal.
  3. ↑ Lahm, S. (2016).Writing in teaching: Tools for instructors. UTB Barbara Budrich.
  4. ↑ Shopkow, L. (2017). How many sources do I need? The History Teacher, 50(2), 169–200. Rubric in Appendix A.
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