There is a correspondence between bottlenecks and learning goals: Bottlenecks indicate valuable learning goals and can be converted to learning goals. For instance in thermodynamics, the bottleneck "students fails to distinguish between heat and temperature" can be converted to the learning goal "students distinguish between heat and temperature and use the concepts appropriately in thermodynamic situations".
Available Resources
Worksheet for converting bottlenecks to learning goals (in German) by Niall Palfreyman
